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Existing blockchain systems scale poorly because of their distributedconsensus protocols. Current attempts at improving blockchain scalability arelimited to cryptocurrency. Scaling blockchain systems under general workloads(i.e., non-cryptocurrency applications) remains an open question. In this work,we take a principled approach to apply sharding, which is a well-studied andproven technique to scale out databases, to blockchain systems in order toimprove their transaction throughput at scale. This is challenging, however,due to the fundamental difference in failure models between databases andblockchain. To achieve our goal, we first enhance the performance of Byzantineconsensus protocols, by doing so we improve individual shards' throughput.Next, we design an efficient shard formation protocol that leverages a trustedrandom beacon to securely assign nodes into shards. We rely on trustedhardware, namely Intel SGX, to achieve high performance for both consensus andshard formation protocol. Third, we design a general distributed transactionprotocol that ensures safety and liveness even when transaction coordinatorsare malicious. Finally, we conduct an extensive evaluation of our design bothon a local cluster and on Google Cloud Platform. The results show that ourconsensus and shard formation protocols outperform state-of-the-art solutionsat scale. More importantly, our sharded blockchain reaches a high throughputthat can handle Visa-level workloads, and is the largest ever reported in arealistic environment.

Towards Scaling Blockchain Systems via Sharding