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Space Division Multiplexing (SMD) is a very attractive technique foraddressing the ever-growing demands in transmission capacity by enabling theuse of a new parameter \textemdash\ space \textemdash\ to increase the numberof channels in multi-mode fibers. One key component to build a spatiallymultiplexed-based optical network is a spatial multiplexer and demultiplexercombining signals from multiple single-mode fibers into as many channels in amulti-mode fiber. In this article, we report the fabrication andcharacterization of a pair of 45-mode spatial multiplexer and demultiplexersaturating all the modes of a standard 50~$\mu$m core graded-index (OM2)multi-mode fiber. The multiplexers are based on Multi-Plane Light Conversion(MPLC), a technique that enables the control of the transverse shape of thelight by multiple reflections on specifically designed phase plates. We showthat by using a separable variable basis of modes, such as Hermite-Gaussian(HG) modes, we are able to drastically reduce the number of reflections hencereducing the insertion losses and modal crosstalks. The multiplexers typicallyshow an average 4~dB insertion loss and -28~dB cross-talk across the C band.Finally, we emphasize the use of this higher-order modes multiplexer to explorethe propagation properties inside multi-mode fibers and more specifically themode group crosstalks as well as the impact of fiber bending.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Mode-selective 45-Mode Spatial Multiplexer based on Multi-Plane Light Conversion