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This essay demonstrates the key role of Astronomy in Botticelli's "Venus andMars-NG915" painting, to date only very partially understood. Worthwhilecoincidences among the principles of the Ficinian philosophy, the historicalcharacters involved and the compositional elements of the painting, show howthe astronomical knowledge of that time strongly influenced this masterpiece.First, Astronomy provides its precise dating since the artist used theastronomical ephemerides of his time, albeit preserving a mythological meaning,and a clue for Botticelli's signature. Second, it allows the correlation amongBotticelli's creative intention, the historical facts and the astronomicalphenomena such as the heliacal rising of the planet Venus in conjunction withthe Aquarius constellation dating back to the earliest representations of Venusin Mesopotamian culture. This work not only bears a significant value for thehistory of science and art, but, in the current era of three-dimensionalmapping of billion stars about to be delivered by Gaia, states the role ofastronomical heritage in Western culture. Finally, following the same method, aprecise astronomical dating for the famous Primavera painting is suggested.

The astronomical garden of Venus and Mars-NG915: the pivotal role of Astronomy in dating and deciphering Botticelli's masterpiece