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In this treatise, we provide an interdisciplinary survey on spatialmodulation (SM), where multiple-input multiple-output microwave and visiblelight, as well as single and multicarrier communications are considered.Specifically, we first review the permutation modulation (PM) concept, whichwas originally proposed by Slepian in 1965. The PM concept has been applied toa wide range of applications, including wired and wireless communications anddata storage. By introducing a three-dimensional signal representation, whichconsists of spatial, temporal and frequency axes, the hybrid PM concept isshown to be equivalent to the recently proposed SM family. In contrast to othersurvey papers, this treatise aims for celebrating the hitherto overlookedstudies, including papers and patents that date back to the 1960s, before theinvention of SM. We also provide simulation results that demonstrate the prosand cons of PM-aided low-complexity schemes over conventional multiplexingschemes.

50 Years of Permutation, Spatial and Index Modulation: From Classic RF to Visible Light Communications and Data Storage