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In this paper we show how two (or more) airgapped computers in the same room,equipped with passive speakers, headphones, or earphones can covertly exchangedata via ultrasonic waves. Microphones are not required. Our method is based onthe capability of a malware to exploit a specific audio chip feature in orderto reverse the connected speakers from output devices into input devices -unobtrusively rendering them microphones. We discuss the attack model andprovide technical background and implementation details. We show that althoughthe reversed speakers/headphones/earphones were not originally designed toperform as microphones, they still respond well to the near-ultrasonic range(18kHz to 24kHz). We evaluate the communication channel with differentequipment, and at various distances and transmission speeds, and also discusssome practical considerations. Our results show that the speaker-to-speakercommunication can be used to covertly transmit data between two air-gappedcomputers positioned a maximum of nine meters away from one another. Moreover,we show that two (microphone-less) headphones can exchange data from a distanceof three meters apart. This enables 'headphones-to-headphones' covertcommunication, which is discussed for the first time in this paper.

MOSQUITO: Covert Ultrasonic Transmissions between Two Air-Gapped Computers using Speaker-to-Speaker Communication