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Underwater wireless communications can be carried out through acoustic, radiofrequency (RF), and optical waves. Compared to its bandwidth limited acousticand RF counterparts, underwater optical wireless communications (UOWCs) cansupport higher data rates at low latency levels. However, severe aquaticchannel conditions (e.g., absorption, scattering, turbulence, etc.) pose greatchallenges for UOWCs and significantly reduce the attainable communicationranges, which necessitates efficient networking and localization solutions.Therefore, we provide a comprehensive survey on the challenges, advances, andprospects of underwater optical wireless networks (UOWNs) from a layer by layerperspective which includes: 1) Potential network architectures; 2) Physicallayer issues including propagation characteristics, channel modeling, andmodulation techniques 3) Data link layer problems covering link configurations,link budgets, performance metrics, and multiple access schemes; 4) Networklayer topics containing relaying techniques and potential routing algorithms;5) Transport layer subjects such as connectivity, reliability, flow andcongestion control; 6) Application layer goals and state-of-the-art UOWNapplications, and 7) Localization and its impacts on UOWN layers. Finally, weoutline the open research challenges and point out the future directions forunderwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localizationresearch.

Underwater Optical Wireless Communications, Networking, and Localization: A Survey