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We demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) optical diffraction tomographictechnique with optimal frequency combination (OFC-ODT) for the 3D quantitativephase imaging of unlabeled specimens. Three sets of through-focus intensityimages are captured under an annular aperture and two circular apertures withdifferent coherence parameters. The 3D phase optical transfer functions (POTF)corresponding to different illumination apertures are combined to obtain anoptimally synthesized frequency response, achieving high-quality, low-noise 3Dreconstructions with imaging resolution up to the incoherent diffraction limit.Besides, the 3D imaging performance of annular illumination is explored and theexpression of 3D POTF for arbitrary illumination pupils is derived andanalyzed. It is shown that the phase-contrast washout effect in high-NAcircular apertures can be effectively addressed by introducing a complementaryannular aperture, which strongly boosts the phase contrast and improves thepractical imaging resolution. To test the feasibility of the proposed OFC-ODTtechnique, the 3D refractive index reconstruction results based on a simulated3D resolution target and experimental investigations of micro polystyrene beadand unstained biological samples are presented. Due to its capability ofhigh-resolution 3D phase imaging as well as the compatibility with widelyavailable commercial microscope, the OFC-ODT is expected to find versatileapplications in biological and biomedical research.

Three-dimensional optical diffraction tomographic microscopy with optimal frequency combination with partially coherent illuminations