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The performance of broadband millimeter-wave (mmWave) RF architectures, isgenerally determined by mathematical concepts such as the Shannon capacity.These systems have also to obey physical laws such as the conservation ofenergy and the propagation laws. Taking the physical and hardware limitationsinto account is crucial for characterizing the actual performance of mmWavesystems under certain architecture such as analog beamforming. In this context,we consider a broadband frequency dependent array model that explicitlyincludes incremental time shifts instead of phase shifts between the individualantennas and incorporates a physically defined radiated power. As a consequenceof this model, we present a novel joint approach for designing the optimalwaveform and beamforming vector for analog beamforming. Our results show that,for sufficiently large array size, the achievable rate is mainly limited by thefundamental trade-off between the analog beamforming gain and signal bandwidth.

The information and wave-theoretic limits of analog beamforming