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Theoretically, full-duplex (FD) communications can double thespectral-efficiency (SE) of a wireless link if the problem of self-interference(SI) is completely eliminated. Recent developments towards SI cancellationtechniques have allowed to realize the FD communications on low-powertransceivers, such as small-cell (SC) base stations. Consequently, the FDtechnology is being considered as a key enabler of 5G and beyond networks. Inthe context of 5G, FD communications have been initially investigated in asingle SC and then into multiple SC environments. Due to FD operations, asingle SC faces residual SI and intra-cell co-channel interference (CCI),whereas multiple SCs face additional inter-cell CCI, which grows with thenumber of neighboring cells. The surge of interference in the multi-cellenvironment poses the question of the feasibility of FD communications. In thisarticle, we first review the FD communications in single and multiple SCenvironments and then provide the state-of-the-art for the CCI mitigationtechniques, as well as FD feasibility studies in a multi-cell environment.Further, through numerical simulations, the SE performance gain of the FDcommunications in ultra-dense massive multiple input multiple-output enabledmillimeter wave SCs is presented. Finally, potential open research challengesof multi-cell FD communications are highlighted.

Full-Duplex Communications: Performance in Ultra-Dense Small-Cell Wireless Networks