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A sensor is a small electronic device which has the ability to sense, computeand communicate either with other sensors or directly with a base station(sink). In a wireless sensor network (WSN), the sensors monitor a region andtransmit the collected data packets through routes to the sinks. In this study,we propose a mixed--integer linear programming (MILP) model to maximize thenumber of time periods that a WSN carries out the desired tasks with limitedenergy and budget. Our sink and sensor placement, scheduling, routing withconnected coverage ($SPSRC$) model is the first in the literature that combinesthe decisions for the locations of sinks and sensors, activity schedules of thedeployed sensors, and data flow routes from each active sensor to its assignedsink for connected coverage of the network over a finite planning horizon. Theproblem is NP--hard and difficult to solve even for small instances. Assumingthat the sink locations are known, we develop heuristics which construct afeasible solution of the problem by gradually satisfying the constraints. Then,we introduce search heuristics to determine the locations of the sinks tomaximize the network lifetime. Computational experiments reveal that ourheuristic methods can find near optimal solutions in an acceptable amount oftime compared to the commercial solver CPLEX 12.7.0.

Sensor and Sink Placement, Scheduling and Routing Algorithms for Connected Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks