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Species accumulation curves (SAC), i.e. the relationship between speciesrichness and the number of sampling units in a given community, can be used todescribe diversity patterns while accounting for the well-knownscale-dependence of species richness. Despite their value, the functional formand the parameters of SAC, as well as their determinants, have barely beeninvestigated in plant communities, particularly in drylands. We characterizedthe SAC of perennial plant communities from 233 dryland ecosystems from sixcontinents by comparing the fit of major functions (power-law, logarithmic andMichaelis-Menten). We tested the theoretical prediction that the effects ofaridity and soil pH on SAC are mediated by vegetation attributes such asevenness, cover, and spatial aggregation. We found that the logarithmicrelationship was the most common functional form, followed by Michaelis-Mentenand power-law. Functional form was mainly determined by evenness while the SACparameters (intercept and slope) were largely determined by spatialaggregation. In addition, aridity decreased small scale richness (intercept ofSAC) but did not affect accumulation rate (slope of the SAC). Our resultshighlight the role that attributes such as spatial aggregation and evennessplay as main mediators of the SAC of vegetation in drylands, the Earth'slargest biome.

Plant species accumulation curves are determined by evenness and spatial aggregation in drylands worldwide