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Energy policy in Europe has been driven by the three goals of security ofsupply, economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability, referred toas the energy trilemma. Although there are clear conflicts within the trilemma,member countries have acted to facilitate a fully integrated Europeanelectricity market. Interconnection and cross-border electricity trade has beena fundamental part of such market liberalisation. However, it has beensuggested that consumers are exposed to a higher price volatility as aconsequence of interconnection. Furthermore, during times of energy shortagesand high demand, issues of national sovereignty take precedence overcooperation. In this article, the unique and somewhat peculiar conditions ofearly 2017 within France, Germany and the United Kingdom have been studied tounderstand how the existing integration arrangements address the energytrilemma. It is concluded that the dominant interests are economic and nationalsecurity; issues of environmental sustainability are neglected or overridden.Although the optimisation of European electricity generation to achieve a loweroverall carbon emission is possible, such a goal is far from being realised.Furthermore, it is apparent that the United Kingdom, and other countries,cannot rely upon imports from other countries during periods of high demandand/or limited supply.

The Security of the United Kingdom Electricity Imports under Conditions of High European Demand