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Flight is a complicated task at small scales in part due to the ubiquitousunsteady air which contains it. Flying organisms deal with these difficultiesusing active and passive control mechanisms to steer their body motion. Bodyattitudes of flapping organisms are linked with their resultant flighttrajectories and performance, yet little is understood about how discreteunsteady aerodynamic phenomena affect the interlaced dynamics of such systems.In this study, we examined freely flying bumblebees subject to a singlediscrete gust to emulate aerodynamic disturbances encountered in nature.Bumblebees are expert commanders of the aerial domain as they persistentlyforage within complex terrain elements. Physical obstacles such as flowersproduce local effects representative of a typified gust which threatens theprecise control of intricate maneuvers. By tracking the 3D dynamics of beesflying through gusts, we determined the sequences of motion that permit flightin three disturbance conditions. Bees repetitively executed a series of passiveimpulsive maneuvers followed by active recovery maneuvers. Impulsive motion wasunique in each gust direction, maintaining control purely by passivemanipulation of the body. Bees pitched up and slowed-down at the beginning ofrecovery in every disturbance, followed by corrective maneuvers which broughtattitudes back to their original state. Bees were displaced the most by thesideward gust, displaying large lateral translations and roll deviations.Upward gusts were easier for bees to fly through, causing only minor flightchanges and minimal recovery times. Downward gusts severely impaired thecontrol response of bees, inflicting strong adverse forces which sharply upsettrajectories. Bees used interesting control strategies when flying in eachdisturbance, offering new insights into insect-scale flapping flight andbio-inspired robotic systems.

Bees with attitude: the effect of gusts on flight dynamics