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We investigated, by using auditory models, how three perceptual parameters,loudness, pitch and sharpness, determine human echolocation. We used acousticrecordings from two previous studies, both from stationary situations, andtheir resulting perceptual data as input to our analysis. An initial analysiswas on the room acoustics of the recordings. The parameters of interest weresound pressure level, autocorrelation and spectral centroid. The auditorymodels were used to analyze echolocation resulting from the perceptualvariables, i.e. loudness, pitch and sharpness. Relevant auditory models werechosen to simulate each variable. Based on these results, we calculatedpsychophysical thresholds for detecting a reflecting object with constantphysical size. A non-parametric method was used to determine thresholds fordistance, loudness, pitch and sharpness. Difference thresholds were calculatedfor the psychophysical variables, since a 2-Alternative-Forced-Choice Paradigmhad originally been used. We found that (1) blind persons could detect objectsat lower loudness values, lower pitch strength, different sharpness values andat further distances than sighted persons, (2) detection thresholds based onrepetition pitch, loudness and sharpness varied and depended on room acousticsand type of sound stimuli, (3) repetition pitch was useful for detection atshorter distances and was determined from the peaks in the temporal profile ofthe autocorrelation function, (4) loudness at shorter distances providesecholocation information, (5) at longer distances, timbre aspects, such assharpness, might be used to detect objects. We also discuss binauralinformation, movements and the auditory model approach. Autocorrelation wasassumed as a proper measure for pitch, but the question is raised whether amechanism based on strobe integration is a viable possibility.

Human Echolocation in Static Situations: Auditory Models of Detection Thresholds for Distance, Pitch, Loudness and Timbre