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The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is, by far, the most discussed bibliometricindicator. Since its introduction over 40 years ago, it has had enormouseffects on the scientific ecosystem: transforming the publishing industry,shaping hiring practices and the allocation of resources, and, as a result,reorienting the research activities and dissemination practices of scholars.Given both the ubiquity and impact of the indicator, the JIF has been widelydissected and debated by scholars of every disciplinary orientation. Drawing onthe existing literature as well as on original research, this chapter providesa brief history of the indicator and highlights well-known limitations-such asthe asymmetry between the numerator and the denominator, differences acrossdisciplines, the insufficient citation window, and the skewness of theunderlying citation distributions. The inflation of the JIF and the weakeningpredictive power is discussed, as well as the adverse effects on the behaviorsof individual actors and the research enterprise. Alternative journal-basedindicators are described and the chapter concludes with a call for responsibleapplication and a commentary on future developments in journal indicators.

The Journal Impact Factor: A brief history, critique, and discussion of adverse effects