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How can scientists conclude with high confidence that an exoplanet hostslife? As telescopes come on line over the next 20 years that can directlyobserve photons from terrestrial exoplanets, this question will dictate theactivities of many scientists across many fields. The expected data will besparse and with low signal-to-noise, which will make disentanglingbiosignatures from abiotic features challenging. Our Earth is not just uniquein that it hosts life, it is also the only terrestrial planet with directobservations of its interior through seismic waves, and compositional evolutionthrough field and laboratory measurements. This extensive research reveals aplanet born from collisions between worlds, followed by a complicatedbiogeochemical evolution. Exoplanet interiors, on the other hand, can only beconstrained by the following observations: 1) photometric and spectroscopicanalysis of the planet's atmosphere, 2) spectroscopic and photometric analysisof the host star, and 3) companion planet properties. From these (future) data,astrobiologists must generate plausible compositional and evolutionary modelsthat constrain a potentially habitable exoplanet's internal properties andhistory, provide environmental context, and rule out geochemical explanationsfor any putative biosignatures. The goal of this white paper is to frame therole of geophysical and geochemical processes relevant to the search for lifebeyond the Solar System and to identify critical, but understudied, areas offuture research.

Geoscience and the Search for Life Beyond the Solar System