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Communicating information at the few photon level typically requires somecomplexity in the transmitter or receiver in order to operate in the presenceof noise. This in turn incurs expense in the necessary spatial volume and powerconsumption of the system. In this work we present a self-synchronisedfree-space optical communications system based on simple, compact and low powerconsumption semiconductor devices. A temporal encoding method, implementedusing a gallium nitride micro-LED source and a silicon single photon avalanchephoto-detector (SPAD) demonstrates data transmission at rates up to 100 kb/sfor 8.25 pW received power, corresponding to 27 photons per bit. Furthermore,the signals can be decoded in the presence of both constant and modulatedbackground noise at levels significantly exceeding the signal power. Thesystems low power consumption and modest electronics requirements aredemonstrated employing it as a communications channel between twonano-satellite simulator systems.

Poissonian communications: free space optical data transfer at the few-photon level