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A pilot spoofer can paralyze the channel estimation in multi-user orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFD- M) systems by using the samepublicly-known pilot tones as legitimate nodes. This causes the problem ofpilot authentication (PA). To solve this, we propose, for a two-usermulti-antenna OFDM system, a code-frequency block group (CFBG) coding based PAmechanism. Here multi-user pilot information, after being randomizedindependently to avoid being spoofed, are converted into activation patterns ofsubcarrier-block groups on code-frequency domain. Those patterns, thoughoverlapped and interfered mutually in the wireless transmission environment,are qualified to be separated and identified as the original pilots with highaccuracy, by exploiting CFBG coding theory and channel characteristic.Particularly, we develop the CFBG code through two steps, i.e., 1) devising anordered signal detection technique to recognize the number of signalscoexisting on each subcarrier block, and encoding each subcarrier block withthe detected number; 2) constructing a zero-false-drop (ZFD) code and blockdetection based (BD) code via k-dimensional Latin hypercubes and integratingthose two codes into the CFBG code. This code can bring a desirable pilotseparation error probability (SEP), inversely proportional to the number ofoccupied subcarriers and antennas with a power of k. To apply the code to PA, ascheme of pilot conveying, separation and identification is proposed. Based onthis novel PA, a joint channel estimation and identification mechanism isproposed to achieve high-precision channel recovery and simultaneously enhancePA without occupying extra resources. Simulation results verify theeffectiveness of our proposed mechanism.

Code-Frequency Block Group Coding for Anti-Spoofing Pilot Authentication in Multi-Antenna OFDM Systems