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Since the Apollo program or earlier it has been widely believed that thelunar regolith was compacted through vibrations including nearby impact events,thermal stress release in the regolith, deep moon quakes, and shallow moonquakes. Experiments have shown that vibrations both compact and re-loosenregolith as a function of depth in the lunar soil column and amplitude of thevibrational acceleration. Experiments have also identified another process thatis extremely effective at compacting regolith: the expansion and contraction ofindividual regolith grains due to thermal cycling in the upper part of theregolith where the diurnal thermal wave exists. Remote sensing data sets fromthe Moon suggest that the soil is less compacted in regions where there is lessthermal cycling, including infrared emissions measured by the Divinerradiometer on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Here, we performedadditional experiments in thermal cycling simulated lunar regolith and confirmthat it is an effective compaction mechanism and may explain the remote sensingdata. This creates a consistent picture that the soil really is looser in theupper layers in polar regions, which may be a challenge for rovers that mustdrive in the looser soil.

Experiments Indicate Regolith is Looser in the Lunar Polar Regions than at the Lunar Landing Sites