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Inverse dynamic analysis using musculoskeletal modeling is a powerful tool,which is utilized in a range of applications to estimate forces in ligaments,muscles, and joints, non-invasively. To date, the conventional input used inthis analysis is derived from optical motion capture (OMC) and force plate (FP)systems, which restrict the application of musculoskeletal models to gaitlaboratories. To address this problem, we propose a musculoskeletal model,capable of estimating the internal forces based solely on inertial motioncapture (IMC) input and a ground reaction force and moment (GRF&M) predictionmethod. We validated the joint angle and kinetic estimates of the lower limbsagainst an equally constructed musculoskeletal model driven by OMC and FPsystem. The sagittal plane joint angles of ankle, knee, and hip presentedexcellent Pearson correlations (\rho = 0.95, 0.99, and 0.99, respectively) androot-mean-squared differences (RMSD) of 4.1 $\pm$ 1.3$\circ$, 4.4 $\pm$2.0$\circ$, and 5.7 $\pm$ 2.1$\circ$, respectively. The GRF&M predicted usingIMC input were found to have excellent correlations for three components(vertical:\rho = 0.97, RMSD=9.3 $\pm$ 3.0 %BW, anteroposterior: \rho = 0.91,RMSD=5.5 $\pm$ 1.2 %BW, sagittal: \rho = 0.91, RMSD=1.6 $\pm$ 0.6 %BW*BH), andstrong correlations for mediolateral (\rho = 0.80, RMSD=2.1 $\pm$ 0.6%BW ) andtransverse (\rho = 0.82, RMSD=0.2 $\pm$ 0.1 %BW*BH). The proposed IMC-basedmethod removes the complexity and space-restrictions of OMC and FP systems andcould enable applications of musculoskeletal models in either monitoringpatients during their daily lives or in wider clinical practice.

Predicting kinetics using musculoskeletal modeling and inertial motion capture