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Measurements of plasma electric fields are essential to the advancement ofplasma science and applications. Methods for non-invasive in situ measurementsof plasma fields on sub-millimeter length scales with high sensitivity over alarge field range remain an outstanding challenge. Here, we introduce anddemonstrate a new method for plasma electric field measurement that employselectromagnetically induced transparency as a high-resolution quantum-opticalprobe for the Stark energy level shifts of plasma-embedded Rydberg atoms, whichserve as highly-sensitive field sensors with a large dynamic range. The methodis applied in diagnostics of plasmas photo-excited out of a cesium vapor. Theplasma electric fields are extracted from spatially-resolved measurements offield-induced shape changes and shifts of Rydberg resonances in rubidium traceratoms. Measurement capabilities over a range of plasma densities andtemperatures are exploited to characterize plasmas in applied magnetic fieldsand to image electric-field distributions in cyclotron-heated plasmas.

Quantum-optical spectroscopy for plasma electric field measurements and diagnostics