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If confocal microscopy is an ubiquitous tool in life science, itsapplications in chemistry and materials science are still, in comparison, verylimited. Of particular interest in these domains is the use of confocalmicroscopy to investigate temperature-dependent phenomena such asself-assembly, diffusio- or thermophoresis, or crystal growth. Several hurdlesmust be solved to develop a temperature-controlled stage for laser scanningconfocal microscopy, in particular regarding the influence of an elevatedtemperature gradient close to the microscope objective, which most people tryvery hard to avoid. Here we report the design of a temperature-controlled stageable to generate stable temperature gradients in both positive and negativetemperature range and does not require use of liquid nitrogen. Our setupprovides an excellent control of the temperature gradient, which can be coupledwith a controlled displacement of the sample, making it useful in particularfor a variety of solidification, chemistry, and interfacial problems. Weillustrate the benefits of our setup with several case studies of interest inchemistry and materials science: the 3D real-time imaging of ice growth, thesegregation of hard particles by growing crystals, the freezing behaviour ofsingle emulsions, the self-shaping of oil droplets upon cooling, and theself-assembly of amphiphile molecules into helical structures. These resultsshow how confocal microscopy coupled with a temperature-controlled stage is awelcome addition to the toolkit of chemists and materials scientists.

A temperature-controlled stage for laser scanning confocal microscopy and case studies in chemistry of materials