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We present a translation of the German text of an 1874 article by ValentinRose that concerns the possible school of translators that worked in Toledo,Spain, from about 1150 to 1250. Rose's article relies significantly on thefirst-hand account of the activities in Toledo by the Englishman Daniel ofMorley. The most prolific translator in Toledo was Gerard of Cremona, whotranslated Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic into Latin with the help of Galib theMozarab; this translation was significant to Copernicus's work. Georg Peurbachand Regiomontanus based their Epitome of the Almagest (1463) on Gerard'stranslation, which in turn introduced Greek astronomy to astronomers in Italyand throughout Europe. Copernicus studied in Padua in the first few years ofthe sixteenth century, where he learned about Ptolemy's Almagest. Copernicus'sbook De Revolutionibus (1543) also contains two geometrical tools ofastronomers from thirteenth century Maragha, and his model of the motion of theMoon is mathematically identical to that of Ibn al-Shatir (fourteenth centuryDamascus). A Greek language manuscript written prior to 1308, and the residencein Padua of Moses Galeano, a Jewish scholar from Constantinople and Crete, whowas familiar with the work of Ibn al-Shatir, provide evidence of thetransmission of Arabic astronomical ideas to Copernicus. We have only begun tounderstand this conduit of transmission.

Where Did Copernicus Obtain the Tools to Build His Heliocentric Model?  Historical Considerations and a Guiding Translation of Valentin Rose's  "Ptolemaeus und die Schule von Toledo" (1874)