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Purpose: Experimental measurements of bone mineral density distributions(BMDDs) enable a determination of secondary mineralisation kinetics in bone,but the maximum degree of mineralisation and how this maximum is approachedremain uncertain. We thus test computationally different hypotheses on latestages of bone mineralisation by simulating BMDDs in low turnover conditions.Materials and Methods: An established computational model of the BMDD thataccounts for mineralisation and remodelling processes was extended to limitmineralisation to various maximum calcium capacities of bone. Simulated BMDDsobtained by reducing turnover rate from the reference trabecular BMDD underdifferent assumptions on late stage mineralisation kinetics were compared withexperimental BMDDs of low-turnover bone. Results: Simulations show that anabrupt stopping of mineralisation near a maximum calcium capacity induces apile-up of minerals in the BMDD statistics that is not observed experimentally.With a smooth decrease of mineralisation rate, imposing low maximum calciumcapacities helps to match peak location and width of simulated low turnoverBMDDs with peak location and width of experimental BMDDs, but results in adistinctive asymmetric peak shape. No tuning of turnover rate and maximumcalcium capacity was able to explain the differences found in experimentalBMDDs between trabecular bone (high turnover) and femoral cortical bone (lowturnover). Conclusions: Secondary mineralisation in human bone does not stopabruptly, but continues slowly up to a calcium content greater than 30 wt% Ca.The similar mineral heterogeneity seen in trabecular and femoral cortical bonesat different peak locations was unexplained by turnover differences tested.

Late stages of mineralisation and their signature on the bone mineral density distribution