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Tactile speech aids, though extensively studied in the 1980s and 90s, neverbecame a commercial success. A hypothesis to explain this failure might be thatit is difficult to obtain true perceptual integration of a tactile signal withinformation from auditory speech: exploitation of tactile cues from a tactileaid might require cognitive effort and so prevent speech understanding at thehigh rates typical of everyday speech. To test this hypothesis, we attempted tocreate true perceptual integration of tactile with auditory information in whatmight be considered the simplest situation encountered by a hearing-impairedlistener. We created an auditory continuum between the syllables BA and VA, andtrained participants to associate BA to one tactile stimulus VA to anothertactile stimulus. After training, we tested if auditory discrimination alongthe continuum between the two syllables could be biased by incongruent tactilestimulation. We found that such a bias occurred only when the tactile stimuluswas above its previously measured tactile discrimination threshold. Such apattern is compatible with the idea that the effect is due to a cognitive ordecisional strategy, rather than to truly perceptual integration. We thereforeran a further study, where we created a tactile version of the McGurk effect.We extensively trained two Subjects over six days to associate four recordedauditory syllables with four corresponding apparent motion tactile patterns. Ina subsequent test, we presented stimulation that was either congruent orincongruent with the learnt association, and asked Subjects to report thesyllable they perceived. We found no analog to the McGurk effect. Thesefindings strengthen our hypothesis according to which tactile aids failedbecause integration of tactile cues with auditory speech occurred at acognitive or decisional level, rather than truly at a perceptual level

Why early tactile speech aids may have failed: no perceptual integration of tactile and auditory signals