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DNA sequences are fundamental for encoding genetic information. The geneticinformation may not only be understood by symbolic sequences but also from thehidden signals inside the sequences. The symbolic sequences need to betransformed into numerical sequences so the hidden signals can be revealed bysignal processing techniques. All current transformation methods encode DNAsequences into numerical values of the same length. These representations havelimitations in the applications of genomic signal compression, encryption, andsteganography. We propose an integer chaos game representation (iCGR) of DNAsequences and a lossless encoding method DNA sequences by the iCGR. In the iCGRmethod, a DNA sequence is represented by the iterated function of thenucleotides and their positions in the sequence. Then the DNA sequence can beuniquely encoded and recovered using three integers from iCGR. One integer isthe sequence length and the other two integers represent the accumulateddistributions of nucleotides in the sequence. The integer encoding scheme cancompress a DNA sequence by 2 bits per nucleotide. The integer representation ofDNA sequences provides a prospective tool for sequence compression, encryption,and steganography. The Python programs in this study are freely available tothe public at https://github.com/cyinbox/iCGR

Encoding DNA sequences by integer chaos game representation