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Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used for thestudy of brain functions, the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effectis incompletely understood. Particularly, negative BOLD responses(NBRs) iscontroversial. This paper presents a new fMRI data analysis method, which ismore accurate than the typical conventional method. The authors conducted theexperiments of simple repetition, and analyzed the data by the new method. Theresults strongly suggest that the deactivations(NBRs) detected by the newmethod are the deactivations of interneurons, because the deactivation ratiosobtained by the new method approximately equals the deactivation ratios ofinterneurons obtained by the study of interneurons. The (de)activationsdetected by the new method are largely different from those detected by theconventional method. The new method is more accurate than the conventionalmethod, and therefore the (de)activations detected by the new method may becorrect and the (de)activations detected by the conventional method may beincorrect. A large portion of the deactivations of inhibitory interneurons isalso considered to be activations. Therefore, the right-tailed t-test, which isusually performed in the conventional method, does not detect the wholeactivation, because the right-tailed t-test only detects the activations ofexcitatory neurons, and neglect the deactivations of inhibitory interneurons. Alot of fMRI studies so far by the conventional method should be re-examined bythe new method, and many results obtained so far will be modified.

A new fMRI data analysis method using cross validation: Negative BOLD responses may be the deactivations of interneurons