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CRISPR-Cas is a genetic adaptive immune system unique to prokaryotic cellsused to combat phage and plasmid threats. The host cell adapts by incorporatingDNA sequences from invading phages or plasmids into its CRISPR locus asspacers. These spacers are expressed as mobile surveillance RNAs that directCRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins to protect against subsequent attack by thesame phages or plasmids. The threat from mobile genetic elements inevitablyshapes the CRISPR loci of archaea and bacteria, and simultaneously theCRISPR-Cas immune system drives evolution of these invaders. Here we highlightour recent work, as well as that of others, that seeks to understand phagemechanisms of CRISPR-Cas evasion and conditions for population coexistence ofphages with CRISPR-protected prokaryotes.

How the other half lives: CRISPR-Cas's influence on bacteriophages