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Electric Vehicles (EVs), like all modern vehicles, are entirely controlled byelectronic devices embedded within networks that are exposed to the threat ofcyberattacks. Cyber vulnerabilities are magnified with EVs due to unique risksassociated with EV battery packs. Current batteries have well-known issues withspecific energy, cost and fire-related safety risks. In this study, we developa systematic framework to assess the impact of cyberattacks on EVs. While thecurrent focus of automotive cyberattacks is on short-term physical safety, itis crucial to consider long-term cyberattacks that aim to cause financiallosses through accrued impact, especially in the context of EVs. Faultycomponents of battery management systems such as a compromised voltageregulator could lead to cyberattacks that can overdischarge or overcharge thebattery. Overdischarge could lead to failures such as internal shorts in thetimescale of minutes through cyberattacks that compromise energy-intensive EVsubsystems like auxiliary components. Attacks that overcharge the pack couldshorten the lifetime of a new battery pack to less than a year. Further, suchattacks also pose physical safety risks via the triggering of thermal (fire)events. Attacks on auxiliary components lead to battery drain, which could beup to 20% of the state-of-charge per hour. Lastly, we develop a heuristic forthe stealthiness of a cyberattack to augment traditional threat models. Themethodology presented here will help in building the foundational principles ofelectric vehicle cybersecurity: a nascent but critical topic in the comingyears.

Vulnerabilities of Electric Vehicle Battery Packs to Cyberattacks