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Background. Evidence suggests that mobile applications are not thoroughlytested as their desktop counterparts. In particular GUI testing is generallylimited. Like web-based applications, mobile apps suffer from GUI testfragility, i.e. GUI test classes failing due to minor modifications in the GUI,without the application functionalities being altered.  Aims. The objective of our study is to examine the diffusion of GUI testingon Android, and the amount of changes required to keep test classes up to date,and in particular the changes due to GUI test fragility. We define metrics tocharacterize the modifications and evolution of test classes and test methods,and proxies to estimate fragility-induced changes.  Method. To perform our experiments, we selected six widely used open-sourcetools for scripted GUI testing of mobile applications previously described inthe literature. We have mined the repositories on GitHub that used those tools,and computed our set of metrics.  Results. We found that none of the considered GUI testing frameworks achieveda major diffusion among the open-source Android projects available on GitHub.For projects with GUI tests, we found that test suites have to be modifiedoften, specifically 5\%-10\% of developers' modified LOCs belong to tests, andthat a relevant portion (60\% on average) of such modifications are induced byfragility.  Conclusions. Fragility of GUI test classes constitute a relevant concern,possibly being an obstacle for developers to adopt automated scripted GUItests. This first evaluation and measure of fragility of Android scripted GUItesting can constitute a benchmark for developers, and the basis for thedefinition of a taxonomy of fragility causes, and actionable guidelines tomitigate the issue.

Scripted GUI Testing of Android Apps: A Study on Diffusion, Evolution and Fragility