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Given the significant industrial growth of demand for virtual reality (VR),360{\deg} video streaming is one of the most important VR applications thatrequire cost-optimal solutions to achieve widespread proliferation of VRtechnology. Because of its inherent variability of data-intensive content typesand its tiled-based encoding and streaming, 360{\deg} video requires newencoding ladders in adaptive streaming systems to achieve cost-optimal andimmersive streaming experiences. In this context, this paper targets both theprovider's and client's perspectives and introduces a new content-awareencoding ladder estimation method for tiled 360{\deg} VR video in adaptivestreaming systems. The proposed method first categories a given 360{\deg} videousing its features of encoding complexity and estimates the visual distortionand resource cost of each bitrate level based on the proposed distortion andresource cost models. An optimal encoding ladder is then formed using theproposed integer linear programming (ILP) algorithm by considering practicalconstraints. Experimental results of the proposed method are compared with therecommended encoding ladders of professional streaming service providers.Evaluations show that the proposed encoding ladders deliver better resultscompared to the recommended encoding ladders in terms of objective quality for360{\deg} video, providing optimal encoding ladders using a set of serviceprovider's constraint parameters.

Estimation of optimal encoding ladders for tiled 360{\deg} VR video in adaptive streaming systems