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Caprock integrity is one of the chief concerns in the successful developmentof a CO$_2$ storage site. In this chapter, we provide an overview of thepermeability of fractured shale, the potential for mitigation of CO$_2$ leakageby sorption to shale, and the detection by acoustic methods of CO$_2$infiltration into shale. Although significant concerns have been raised aboutthe potential for induced seismicity to damage caprock, relatively little isknown about the permeability of the damaged shale. We present a summary ofrecent experimental work that shows profound differences in permeability of upto three orders of magnitude between brittle and ductile fracture permeability.In the ductile regime, it is possible that shale caprock could accommodatedeformation without a significant loss of CO$_2$ from the storage reservoir. Incases where CO$_2$ does migrate through damaged shale caprock, CO$_2$ sorptiononto shale mineralogy may have a mitigating impact. Measured total storagecapacities range from 1 to 45 kg-CO$_2$/tonne-shale. Once CO$_2$ is in thecaprock, changes in the acoustic properties of CO$_2$-saturated shale that arepredicted by Gassmann fluid substitution calculations show a significantreduction of the bulk modulus of CO$_2$-saturated shale.

Leakage Processes in Damaged Shale: In Situ Measurements of Permeability, CO$_2$-Sorption Behavior and Acoustic Properties