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The carbon footprint concern in the development and deployment of 5G newradio systems has drawn the attention to several stakeholders. In this article,we analyze the critical power consuming component of all candidate 5G systemarchitectures-the power amplifier (PA)-and propose PA-centric resourcemanagement solutions for green 5G communications. We discuss the impact ofongoing trends in cellular communications on sustainable green networking andanalyze two communications architectures that allow exploiting the extradegrees-of-freedom (DoF) from multi-antenna and massive antenna deployments:small cells/distributed antenna network and massive MIMO. For small cellsystems with a moderate number of antennas, we propose a peak to average powerratio-aware resource allocation scheme for joint orthogonal frequency and spacedivision multiple access. For massive MIMO systems, we develop a highlyparallel recurrent neural network for energy-efficient precoding. Simulationresults for representative 5G deployment scenarios demonstrate an energyefficiency improvement of one order of magnitude or higher with respect tocurrent state-of-the-art solutions.

Sustainable Green Networking: Exploiting Degrees of Freedom towards Energy-Efficient 5G Systems