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The Leiden Rankings can be used for grouping research universities byconsidering universities which are not statistically significantly different ashomogeneous sets. The groups and intergroup relations can be analyzed andvisualized using tools from network analysis. Using the so-called "excellenceindicator" PPtop-10%--the proportion of the top-10% most-highly-cited papersassigned to a university--we pursue a classification using (i) overlappingstability intervals, (ii) statistical-significance tests, and (iii) effectsizes of differences among 902 universities in 54 countries; we focus on theUK, Germany, Brazil, and the USA as national examples. Although the groupingsremain largely the same using different statistical significance levels oroverlapping stability intervals, these classifications are uncorrelated withthose based on effect sizes. Effect sizes for the differences betweenuniversities are small (w <.2). The more detailed analysis of universities atthe country level suggests that distinctions beyond three or perhaps fourgroups of universities (high, middle, low) may not be meaningful. Given similarinstitutional incentives, isomorphism within each eco-system of universitiesshould not be underestimated. Our results suggest that networks based onoverlapping stability intervals can provide a first impression of the relevantgroupings among universities. However, the clusters are not well-defineddivisions between groups of universities.

Statistical Significance and Effect Sizes of Differences among Research  Universities at the Level of Nations and Worldwide based on the Leiden  Rankings