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Using information theory, we measure innovation systemness as synergy amongsize-classes, zip-codes, and technological classes (NACE-codes) for 8.5 millionAmerican companies. The synergy at the national level is decomposed at thelevel of states, Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSA), and Combined StatisticalAreas (CSA). We zoom in to the state of California and in more detail toSilicon Valley. Our results do not support the assumption of a national systemof innovations in the U.S.A. Innovation systems appear to operate at the levelof the states; the CBSA are too small, so that systemness spills across theirborders. Decomposition of the sample in terms of high-tech manufacturing (HTM),medium-high-tech manufacturing (MHTM), knowledge-intensive services (KIS), andhigh-tech services (HTKIS) does not change this pattern, but refines it. TheEast Coast -- New Jersey, Boston, and New York -- and California are the majorplayers, with Texas a third one in the case of HTKIS. Chicago and industrialcenters in the Midwest also contribute synergy. Within California, Los Angelescontributes synergy in the sectors of manufacturing, the San Francisco area inKIS. Knowledge-intensive services in Silicon Valley and the Bay area -- a CSAcomposed of seven CBSA -- spill over to other regions and even globally.

Synergy in the Knowledge Base of U.S. Innovation Systems at National,  State, and Regional Levels: The Contributions of High-Tech Manufacturing and  Knowledge-Intensive Services