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The Milky Way (MW) is surrounded by a Vast Polar Structure (VPOS) ofsatellite galaxies, star clusters, and streams. Proper motion measurements forthe brightest MW satellites indicate that they are predominantly co-orbitingalong the VPOS. This is consistent with a dynamically stable structure.Assuming that all satellites that are aligned with the VPOS also co-orbit alongthis structure allows to empirically predict their systemic proper motions.Testing predictions for individual satellite galaxies at large distancesrequires high-accuracy proper motion measurements such as with the Hubble SpaceTelescope. However, for nearby MW satellites, Gaia will allow to test thesepredictions, in particular for a statistical sample of satellites since propermotion predictions exist for almost all of them. This will clarify howrotationally supported the VPOS is. In addition, Gaia will discover Galacticsubstructure, in particular stellar streams. The degree of their alignment withthe VPOS might further constrain its stability and nature.

The impact of Gaia on our understanding of the Vast Polar Structure of the Milky Way