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One can often encounter claims that classical (Kolmogorovian) probabilitytheory cannot handle, or even is contradicted by, certain empirical findings orsubstantive theories. This note joins several previous attempts to explain thatthese claims are unjustified, illustrating this on the issues of (non)existenceof joint distributions, probabilities of ordered events, and additivity ofprobabilities. The specific focus of this note is on showing that the mistakesunderlying these claims can be precluded by labeling all random variablesinvolved contextually. Moreover, contextual labeling also enables a valuableadditional way of analyzing probabilistic aspects of empirical situations:determining whether the random variables involved form a contextual system, inthe sense generalized from quantum mechanics. Thus, to the extent theWang-Busemeyer QQ equality for the question order effect holds, the systemdescribing them is noncontextual. The double-slit experiment and its behavioralanalogues also turn out to form a noncontextual system, having the sameprobabilistic format (cyclic system of rank 4) as the one describing spins oftwo entangled electrons.

On Universality of Classical Probability with Contextually Labeled Random Variables