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The structure of human sleep changes across development as it consolidatesfrom the polyphasic sleep of infants to the single nighttime sleep periodtypical in adults. Across this same developmental period, time scales of thehomeostatic sleep drive, the physiological drive to sleep that increases withtime spent awake, also change and presumably govern the transition frompolyphasic to monophasic sleep behavior. Using a physiologically-based,sleep-wake regulatory network model for human sleep, we investigated thedynamics of wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleepduring this transition by varying the homeostatic sleep drive time constants.Previously, we introduced an algorithm for constructing a one-dimensionalcircle map that represents the dynamics of the full sleep-wake network model.By tracking bifurcations in the piecewise continuous circle map as thehomeostatic sleep drive time constants are varied, we establish evidence for aborder collision bifurcation that results in period-adding-like behavior in thenumber of sleep cycles per day. Interestingly, this bifurcation is preceded bybifurcations in the number of REM bouts per sleep cycle that exhibit truncatedperiod-adding-like behavior. The interaction of these bifurcations in numbersof sleep episodes and numbers of REM bouts per sleep episode generatenon-monotonic variation in sleep cycle patterns as well as quasi-periodicpatterns during the transition from polyphasic to monophasic sleep behavior.This analysis may have implications for understanding changes in sleep in earlychildhood when preschoolers transition from napping to non-napping behavior,and the wide interindividual variation observed during this transition.

REM sleep complicates period adding bifurcations from monophasic to  polyphasic sleep behavior in a sleep-wake regulatory network model for human  sleep