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The widespread application of wireless services and dense devices access havetriggered huge energy consumption. Because of the environmental and financialconsiderations, energy-efficient design in wireless networks becomes aninevitable trend. To the best of the authors' knowledge, energy-efficientorthogonal frequency division multiple access heterogeneous small celloptimization comprehensively considering energy efficiency maximization, powerallocation, wireless backhaul bandwidth allocation, and user Quality of Serviceis a novel approach and research direction, and it has not been investigated.In this paper, we study the energy-efficient power allocation and wirelessbackhaul bandwidth allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiple accessheterogeneous small cell networks. Different from the existing resourceallocation schemes that maximize the throughput, the studied scheme maximizesenergy efficiency by allocating both transmit power of each small cell basestation to users and bandwidth for backhauling, according to the channel stateinformation and the circuit power consumption. The problem is first formulatedas a non-convex nonlinear programming problem and then it is decomposed intotwo convex subproblems. A near optimal iterative resource allocation algorithmis designed to solve the resource allocation problem. A suboptimallow-complexity approach is also developed by exploring the inherent structureand property of the energy-efficient design. Simulation results demonstrate theeffectiveness of the proposed algorithms by comparing with the existingschemes.

Downlink Energy Efficiency of Power Allocation and Wireless Backhaul Bandwidth Allocation in Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks