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In atomic multi-level systems, adiabatic elimination is a method used tominimize complicity of the system by eliminating irrelevant and stronglycoupled levels by detuning them from one-another. Such a three-level system,for instance, can be mapped onto physical in form of a three-waveguide system.Actively detuning the coupling strength between the respective waveguide modesallows modulating light propagating through the device, as proposed here. Theouter waveguides act as an effective two- photonic-mode system similar toground- and excited states of a three-level atomic system, whilst the centerwaveguide is partially plasmonic. In adiabatic elimination regime, theamplitude of the middle waveguide oscillates much faster in comparison to theouter waveguides leading to a vanishing field build up. As a result, the middlewaveguide becomes a dark state and hence a low insertion-loss of 8 decibel isexpected to keep when achieving the modulation depth as high as 70 decibeldespite the involvement of a plasmonic waveguide in the design presented here.The modulation mechanism relies on switching this waveguide system from acritical coupling regime to adiabatic elimination condition viaelectrostatically tuning the free-carrier concentration and hence the opticalindex of a thin ITO layer residing in the plasmonic center waveguide. Thisalters the effective coupling length and the phase mismatching condition thusmodulation in each of outer waveguides. Our results show a modulator energyefficiency as low as 40 atto-joule per bit and an extinction ratio of 50decibel. Given the minuscule footprint of the modulator, the resultinglumped-element limited RC delay is expected to exceed 200 giga hertz. This typeof modulator paves the way for next-generation both energy-and speed conscienceoptical short-reach interconnects.

Plasmonic Optical Modulator based on Adiabatic Coupled Waveguides