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Automatic testing is a widely adopted technique for improving softwarequality. Software developers add, remove and update test methods and testclasses as part of the software development process as well as during theevolution phase, following the initial release. In this work we conduct a largescale study of 61 popular open source projects and report the relationships wehave established between test maintenance, production code maintenance, andsemantic changes (e.g, statement added, method removed, etc.). performed indevelopers' commits.  We build predictive models, and show that the number of tests in a softwareproject can be well predicted by employing code maintenance profiles (i.e., howmany commits were performed in each of the maintenance activities: corrective,perfective, adaptive). Our findings also reveal that more often than not,developers perform code fixes without performing complementary test maintenancein the same commit (e.g., update an existing test or add a new one). Whendevelopers do perform test maintenance, it is likely to be affected by thesemantic changes they perform as part of their commit.  Our work is based on studying 61 popular open source projects, comprised ofover 240,000 commits consisting of over 16,000,000 semantic change typeinstances, performed by over 4,000 software engineers.

The Co-Evolution of Test Maintenance and Code Maintenance through the lens of Fine-Grained Semantic Changes