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Despite the ever-increasing use across different sectors, the lithium-ionbatteries (LiBs) have continually seen serious concerns over their thermalvulnerability. The LiB operation is associated with the heat generation andbuildup effect, which manifests itself more strongly, in the form of highlyuneven thermal distribution, for a LiB pack consisting of multiple cells. Ifnot well monitored and managed, the heating may accelerate aging and causeunwanted side reactions. In extreme cases, it will even cause fires andexplosions, as evidenced by a series of well-publicized incidents in recentyears. To address this threat, this paper, for the first time, seeks toreconstruct the three-dimensional temperature field of a LiB pack in real time.The major challenge lies in how to acquire a high-fidelity reconstruction withconstrained computation time. In this study, a three-dimensional thermal modelis established first for a LiB pack configured in series. Although spatiallyresolved, this model captures spatial thermal behavior with a combination ofhigh integrity and low complexity. Given the model, the standard Kalman filteris then distributed to attain temperature field estimation at substantiallyreduced computational complexity. The arithmetic operation analysis andnumerical simulation illustrate that the proposed distributed estimationachieves a comparable accuracy as the centralized approach but with much lesscomputation. This work can potentially contribute to the safer operation of theLiB packs in various systems dependent on LiB-based energy storage, potentiallywidening the access of this technology to a broader range of engineering areas.

Three-dimensional Temperature Field Reconstruction for A Lithium-Ion Battery Pack: A Distributed Kalman Filtering Approach