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The spatial dispersal of individuals is known to play an important role inthe dynamics of populations, and is central to metapopulation theory. At thesame time, local adaptation to environmental conditions creates a geographicmosaic of evolutionary forces, where the combined drivers of selection and geneflow interact. Although the dispersal of individuals from donor to recipientpopulations provides connections within the metapopulation, promotingdemographic and evolutionary rescue, it may also introduce maladaptedindividuals into habitats host to different environmental conditions,potentially lowering the fitness of the recipient population. Here we explore amodel of the eco-evolutionary dynamics between two populations connected bydispersal, where the productivity of each is defined by a trait complex that issubject to local selection. Although general in nature, our model is inspiredby salmon metapopulations, where dispersal between populations is defined interms of the straying rate, which has been shown to be density-dependent. Theresults of our model reveal that increased straying between evolvingpopulations leads to alternative stable states, which has large and nonlineareffects on two measures of metapopulation robustness: the portfolio effect andthe time to recovery following an induced disturbance. We show thatintermediate levels of straying result in large gains in robustness, and thatincreased habitat heterogeneity promotes robustness when straying rates arelow, and erodes robustness when straying rates are high. Finally, we show thatdensity-dependent straying promotes robustness, particularly when the aggregatebiomass is low and straying is correspondingly high, which has importantramifications for the conservation of salmon metapopulations facing bothnatural and anthropogenic disturbances.

Eco-evolutionary dynamics and collective dispersal: implications for salmon metapopulation robustness