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Rapidly fading channels caused by pedestrians in dense urban environmentswill have a significant impact on millimeter-wave (mmWave) communicationssystems that employ electrically-steerable and narrow beamwidth antenna arrays.A peer-to-peer (P2P) measurement campaign was conducted with 7-degree,15-degree, and 60-degree half-power beamwidth (HPBW) antenna pairs at 73.5 GHzand with 1 GHz of RF null-to-null bandwidth in a heavily populated open squarescenario in Brooklyn, New York, to study blockage events caused by typicalpedestrian traffic. Antenna beamwidths that range approximately an order ofmagnitude were selected to gain knowledge of fading events for antennas withdifferent beamwidths since antenna patterns for mmWave systems will beelectronically-adjustable. Two simple modeling approaches in the literature areintroduced to characterize the blockage events by either a two-state Markovmodel or a four-state piecewise linear modeling approach. Transitionprobability rates are determined from the measurements and it is shown thataverage fade durations with a -5 dB threshold are 299.0 ms for 7-degree HPBWantennas and 260.2 ms for 60-degree HPBW antennas. The four-state piecewiselinear modeling approach shows that signal strength decay and rise times areasymmetric for blockage events and that mean signal attenuations (average fadedepths) are inversely proportional to antenna HPBW, where 7-degree and60-degree HPBW antennas resulted in mean signal fades of 15.8 dB and 11.5 dB,respectively. The models presented herein are valuable for extendingstatistical channel models at mmWave to accurately simulate real-worldpedestrian blockage events when designing fifth-generation (5G) wirelesssystems.

Rapid Fading Due to Human Blockage in Pedestrian Crowds at 5G Millimeter-Wave Frequencies