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Infrared (IR) light is invisible to humans, but cameras are opticallysensitive to this type of light.  In this paper, we show how attackers can use surveillance cameras andinfrared light to establish bi-directional covert communication between theinternal networks of organizations and remote attackers. We present twoscenarios: exfiltration (leaking data out of the network) and infiltration(sending data into the network). Exfiltration. Surveillance and securitycameras are equipped with IR LEDs, which are used for night vision. In theexfiltration scenario, malware within the organization access the surveillancecameras across the local network and controls the IR illumination. Sensitivedata such as PIN codes, passwords, and encryption keys are then modulated,encoded, and transmitted over the IR signals. Infiltration. In an infiltrationscenario, an attacker standing in a public area (e.g., in the street) uses IRLEDs to transmit hidden signals to the surveillance camera(s). Binary data suchas command and control (C&C) and beacon messages are encoded on top of the IRsignals. The exfiltration and infiltration can be combined to establishbidirectional, 'air-gap' communication between the compromised network and theattacker. We discuss related work and provide scientific background about thisoptical channel. We implement a malware prototype and present data modulationschemas and a basic transmission protocol. Our evaluation of the covert channelshows that data can be covertly exfiltrated from an organization at a rate of20 bit/sec per surveillance camera to a distance of tens of meters away. Datacan be covertly infiltrated into an organization at a rate of over 100 bit/secper surveillance camera from a distance of hundreds of meters to kilometersaway.

aIR-Jumper: Covert Air-Gap Exfiltration/Infiltration via Security Cameras & Infrared (IR)