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Effective models of social dialog must understand a broad range of rhetoricaland figurative devices. Rhetorical questions (RQs) are a type of figurativelanguage whose aim is to achieve a pragmatic goal, such as structuring anargument, being persuasive, emphasizing a point, or being ironic. While thereare computational models for other forms of figurative language, rhetoricalquestions have received little attention to date. We expand a small datasetfrom previous work, presenting a corpus of 10,270 RQs from debate forums andTwitter that represent different discourse functions. We show that we canclearly distinguish between RQs and sincere questions (0.76 F1). We then showthat RQs can be used both sarcastically and non-sarcastically, observing thatnon-sarcastic (other) uses of RQs are frequently argumentative in forums, andpersuasive in tweets. We present experiments to distinguish between these usesof RQs using SVM and LSTM models that represent linguistic features andpost-level context, achieving results as high as 0.76 F1 for "sarcastic" and0.77 F1 for "other" in forums, and 0.83 F1 for both "sarcastic" and "other" intweets. We supplement our quantitative experiments with an in-depthcharacterization of the linguistic variation in RQs.

Are you serious?: Rhetorical Questions and Sarcasm in Social Media Dialog