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We derive a unified quantum theory of coherent and incoherent energy transferbetween two atoms (donor and acceptor) valid in arbitrary Markoviannanophotonic environments. Our theory predicts a fundamental bound $\eta_{max}= \frac{\gamma_a}{\gamma_d + \gamma_a}$ for energy transfer efficiency arisingfrom the spontaneous emission rates $\gamma_{d}$ and $\gamma_a$ of the donorand acceptor. We propose the control of the acceptor spontaneous emission rateas a new design principle for enhancing energy transfer efficiency. We predictan experiment using mirrors to enhance the efficiency bound by exploiting thedipole orientations of the donor and acceptor. Of fundamental interest, we showthat while quantum coherence implies the ultimate efficiency bound has beenreached, reaching the ultimate efficiency does not require quantum coherence.Our work paves the way towards nanophotonic analogues of efficiency enhancingenvironments known in quantum biological systems.

Fundamental efficiency bound for coherent energy transfer in nanophotonics