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Solar eruptions generally refer to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flares.Both are important sources of space weather. Solar flares cause sudden changein the ionization level in the ionosphere. CMEs cause solar energetic particle(SEP) events and geomagnetic storms. A flare with unusually high intensityand/or a CME with extremely high energy can be thought of examples of extremeevents on the Sun. These events can also lead to extreme SEP events and/orgeomagnetic storms. Ultimately, the energy that powers CMEs and flares arestored in magnetic regions on the Sun, known as active regions. Active regionswith extraordinary size and magnetic field have the potential to produceextreme events. Based on current data sets, we estimate the sizes ofone-in-hundred and one-in-thousand year events as an indicator of theextremeness of the events. We consider both the extremeness in the source oferuptions and in the consequences. We then compare the estimated 100-year and1000-year sizes with the sizes of historical extreme events measured orinferred.

Extreme Solar Eruptions and their Space Weather Consequences