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The late medieval Voynich Manuscript (VM) has resisted decryption and wasconsidered a meaningless hoax or an unsolvable cipher. Here, we provideevidence that the VM is written in natural language by establishing a relationof the Voynich alphabet and the Iranian Pahlavi script. Many of the Voynichcharacters are upside-down versions of their Pahlavi counterparts, which may bean effect of different writing directions. Other Voynich letters can beexplained as ligatures or departures from Pahlavi with the intent to cope withknown problems due to the stupendous ambiguity of Pahlavi text. While atranslation of the VM text is not attempted here, we can confirm theVoynich-Pahlavi relation at the character level by the transcription of manywords from the VM illustrations and from parts of the main text. Many of thetranscribed words can be identified as terms from Zoroastrian cosmology whichis in line with the use of Pahlavi script in Zoroastrian communities frommedieval times.

The Voynich Manuscript is Written in Natural Language: The Pahlavi Hypothesis