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A simple and high-efficiency method for direct generation of all-solid-statesingle- and dual-vortex lasers operating at eye-safe wavelengths is reported ina compact diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser cavity. By off-axis pumping of theNd:YAG in two orthogonal directions, the original cavity mode, fundamentalGaussian mode (TEM00), is directly transformed into first-orderLaguerre-Gaussian (LG01) mode with single- or dual-vortex structures dependingon the degree of the off-axis pumping. Moreover, the single- and dual-vortexlasers can be produced in simultaneous eye-safe dual-wavelength operation withthe aid of an intracavity etalon. At the same time, a novel method to determinethe handedness of achieved vortex lasers by using a plane-concave mirror withsuitable coating is also proposed. This method can be perfectly applied togenerate vortex lasers at other emissions bands for various applications byusing different laser gain mediums. This work paves a general way to simple andefficient realization and determination of vortex lasers.

Directgeneration of eye-safe single-and dual-vortexlasersvia off-axis pumping of the active medium